First grade, second grade — schooling as we know it divides children and classes into grades according to age and ability. This hasn’t always been the case, says Eli Meyerhoff. He links the advent of grade-divided schools in fourteenth-century Europe to a mindset and imaginary that fueled the emergence and development of capitalism. Eli Meyerhoff, … Continued


William Morris’s designs are still admired and revered, but his radical politics and utopian inclinations are less well known. Michael Robertson discusses the nineteenth-century Englishman’s insistence on craftsmanship, his critiques of industrialism, his turn toward socialism, and his utopian novel News From Nowhere. Michael Robertson, The Last Utopians: Four Late Nineteenth-Century Visionaries and Their Legacy … Continued


Against the Grain

Bourdieu and Marx

What can we learn from Pierre Bourdieu’s critique of Marxism? Why did the influential French sociologist reject Marx’s emphasis on labor and class struggle? Michael Burawoy lays out Bourdieu’s famous troika of interrelated concepts: habitus, field, and capital. He also points out some of the key differences between how Bourdieu and Marx thought about politics, … Continued